MICROSOFT SOFTWARE LICENSE TERMS
MICROSOFT SQL SERVER 2008 STANDARD EDITION FOR SMALL BUSINESS
These license terms are an agreement between Microsoft Corporation (or based on where you live, one of its affiliates) and you.  Please read them.  They apply to the software named above, which includes the media on which you received it, if any.  The terms also apply to any Microsoft
·	updates, 
·	supplements, 
·	Internet-based services, and
·	support services
for this software, unless other terms accompany those items.  If so, those terms apply.
BY USING THE SOFTWARE, YOU ACCEPT THESE TERMS.  IF YOU DO NOT ACCEPT THEM, DO NOT USE THE SOFTWARE.  INSTEAD, RETURN IT TO THE RETAILER FOR A REFUND OR CREDIT.  If you cannot obtain a refund there, contact Microsoft or the Microsoft affiliate serving your country for information about Microsoft’s refund policies.  See www.microsoft.com/worldwide.  In the United States and Canada, call (800) MICROSOFT or see www.microsoft.com/info/nareturns.htm.
IF YOU COMPLY WITH THESE LICENSE TERMS, YOU HAVE THE RIGHTS BELOW FOR EACH SOFTWARE LICENSE YOU ACQUIRE.
1.	OVERVIEW.
a.	Software.  The software includes
·	server software; and
·	additional software that may only be used with the server software directly, or indirectly through other additional software.
b.	License Model.  The software is licensed based on
·	the number of instances of server software that you run; and
·	the number of devices and users that access instances of server software.
c.	Licensing Terminology.
·	Instance.  You create an “instance” of software by executing the software’s setup or install procedure. You also create an instance of software by duplicating an existing instance.  References to software in this agreement include “instances” of the software.
·	Run an Instance.  You “run an instance” of software by loading it into memory and executing one or more of its instructions. Once running, an instance is considered to be running (whether or not its instructions continue to execute) until it is removed from memory.
·	Operating System Environment.  An “operating system environment” is 
·	all or part of an operating system instance,  or all or part of a virtual (or otherwise emulated) operating system instance which enables separate machine identity (primary computer name or similar unique identifier) or separate administrative rights, and 
·	instances of applications, if any, configured to run on the operating system instance or parts identified above. 
There are two types of operating system environments, physical and virtual. A physical operating system environment is configured to run directly on a physical hardware system. The operating system instance used to run hardware virtualization software (e.g. Microsoft Virtual Server or similar technologies) or to provide hardware virtualization services (e.g. Microsoft virtualization technology or similar technologies) is considered part of the physical operating system environment.  A virtual operating system environment is configured to run on a virtual (or otherwise emulated) hardware system. A physical hardware system can have either or both of the following:
·	one physical operating system environment
·	one or more virtual operating system environments.
·	Server.  A server is a physical hardware system capable of running server software.  A hardware partition or blade is considered to be a separate physical hardware system.
·	Assigning a License.  To assign a license means simply to designate that license to one device or user.
2.	USE RIGHTS.
a.	Assigning the License to the Server.
i.	Before you run any instance of the server software under a software license, you must assign that license to one of your servers.  That server is the licensed server for that particular license.  You may assign other software licenses to the same server, but you may not assign the same license to more than one server.  A hardware partition or blade is considered to be a separate server.
ii.	You may reassign a software license, but not within 90 days of the last assignment.  You may reassign a software license sooner if you retire the licensed server due to permanent hardware failure.  If you reassign a license, the server to which you reassign the license becomes the new licensed server for that license.
b.	Running Instances of the Server Software.  You may run any number of instances of the server software in one physical or virtual operating system environment on the licensed server at a time.  The operating system environment in which instances of the server software run must be joined to a domain that has Active Directory configured as follows:
§	A single server in the domain must contain all the flexible single master operations (FSMO) roles and is the root of the Active Directory forest,
§	no trust relationships with any other domains,
§	no child domains, and
§	the sum of users and devices in the domain can not exceed 75.
You may not run instances of the server software, separately licensed or otherwise, at the same time in another operating system environment within the same domain.
c.	Running Instances of the Additional Software.  You may run or otherwise use any number of instances of additional software listed below in physical or virtual operating system environments on any number of devices.  You may use additional software only with the server software directly, or indirectly through other additional software.  
·	Business Intelligence Development Studio
·	Client Tools Backward Compatibility
·	Client Tools Connectivity
·	Client Tools Software Development Kit
·         Integration Services
·         SQL Client Connectivity SDK
·	Management Studio
·	Microsoft Sync Framework
·	SQL Server 2008 Books Online
d.	Creating and Storing Instances on Your Servers or Storage Media.  You have the additional rights below for each software license you acquire.
·	You may create any number of instances of the server software and additional software.
·	You may store instances of the server software and additional software on any of your servers or storage media.
·	You may create and store instances of the server software and additional software solely to exercise your right to run instances of the server software under any of your software licenses as described (e.g., you may not distribute instances to third parties).
e.	Included Microsoft Programs.  The software contains other Microsoft programs.  The license terms with those programs apply to your use of them.
3.	ADDITIONAL LICENSING REQUIREMENTS AND/OR USE RIGHTS.
a.	Client Access Licenses (CALs).
i.	You must acquire and assign a SQL Server 2008 Small Business CAL to each device or user that accesses your instances of the server software directly or indirectly.  You may assign up to a total of seventy-five CALs to permit access to your licensed instances of the server software.  A hardware partition or blade is considered to be a separate device.
·	You may not access instances of the server software under Workgroup Edition CALs, however, you may use your other SQL Server 2008 CALs instead of the Small Business CAL to access your instances of the server software.
·	You may use your Windows Small Business Server (“SBS”) 2008 CAL Suite for Premium Users or Devices instead of SQL Server 2008 CALs to access your instances of the server software within an SBS 2008 domain.
·	You do not need CALs for any of your servers licensed to run instances of the server software.
·	You do not need CALs for up to two devices or users to access your instances of the server software only to administer those instances.
ii.	Types of CALs.  There are two types of CALs: one for devices and one for users.  Each device CAL permits one device, used by any user, to access instances of the server software on your licensed servers.  Each user CAL permits one user, using any device, to access instances of the server software on your licensed servers.  You may use a combination of device and user CALs.
iii.	Reassignment of CALs.  You may
·	permanently reassign your device CAL from one device to another, or your user CAL from one user to another; or
·	temporarily reassign your device CAL to a loaner device while the first device is out of service, or your user CAL to a temporary worker while the user is absent.
b.	Maximum Instances.  The software or your hardware may limit the number of instances of the server software that can run in physical or virtual operating system environments on the server.
c.	Multiplexing.  Hardware or software you use to
·	pool connections,
·	reroute information, and
·	reduce the number of devices or users that directly access or use the software, or
·	reduce the number of devices or users the software directly manages.
(sometimes referred to as “multiplexing” or “pooling”), does not reduce the number of licenses of any type that you need.
d.	No Separation of Server Software.  You may not separate the server software for use in more than one operating system environment under a single license, unless expressly permitted.  This applies even if the operating system environments are on the same physical hardware system.
e.	Fail-over Server.  For any operating system environment in which you run instances of the server software, you may run up to the same number of passive fail-over instances in a separate operating system environment for temporary support.  You may run the passive fail-over instances on a server other than the licensed server.
4.	PRODUCT KEYS.  The software requires a key to install or access it.  You are responsible for the use of keys assigned to you.  You should not share the keys with third parties.  You may not use keys assigned to third parties.
5.	INTERNET-BASED SERVICES.  Microsoft provides Internet-based services with the software.  It may change or cancel them at any time.
6.	.NET FRAMEWORK AND POWERSHELL SOFTWARE.  The software contains Microsoft .NET Framework and PowerShell software.  These software components are part of Windows.
7.	BENCHMARK TESTING.  You must obtain Microsoft's prior written approval to disclose to a third party the results of any benchmark test of the software.  However, this does not apply to the Windows components.  For Microsoft .NET Framework see below.
8.	MICROSOFT .NET FRAMEWORK.  The software includes one or more components of the .NET Framework (“.NET Components”).  You may conduct internal benchmark testing of those components.  You may disclose the results of any benchmark test of those components, provided that you comply with the conditions set forth at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=66406.  Notwithstanding any other agreement you may have with Microsoft, if you disclose such benchmark test results, Microsoft shall have the right to disclose the results of benchmark tests it conducts of your products that compete with the applicable .NET Component, provided it complies with the same conditions set forth at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=66406.
9.	SCOPE OF LICENSE.  The software is licensed, not sold. This agreement only gives you some rights to use the software.  Microsoft reserves all other rights.  Unless applicable law gives you more rights despite this limitation, you may use the software only as expressly permitted in this agreement.  In doing so, you must comply with any technical limitations in the software that only allow you to use it in certain ways.  For more information, see www.microsoft.com/licensing/userights.  You may not
·	work around any technical limitations in the software;
·	reverse engineer, decompile or disassemble the software, except and only to the extent that applicable law expressly permits, despite this limitation;
·	make more copies of the software than specified in this agreement or allowed by applicable law, despite this limitation;
·	publish the software for others to copy;
·	rent, lease or lend the software; or
·	use the software for commercial software hosting services.
Rights to access the software on any device do not give you any right to implement Microsoft patents or other Microsoft intellectual property in software or devices that access that device.
10.	BACKUP COPY.  You may make one backup copy of the software media.  You may use it only to create instances of the software.
11.	DOCUMENTATION.  Any person that has valid access to your computer or internal network may copy and use the documentation for your internal, reference purposes.
12.	NOT FOR RESALE SOFTWARE.  You may not sell software marked as “NFR” or “Not for Resale.”
13.	ACADEMIC EDITION SOFTWARE.  You must be a “Qualified Educational User” to use software marked as “Academic Edition” or “AE.”   If you do not know whether you are a Qualified Educational User, visit www.microsoft.com/education or contact the Microsoft affiliate serving your country.
14.	PROOF OF LICENSE.  If you acquired the software on a disc or other media, a genuine Microsoft Proof of License label with a genuine copy of the software identifies licensed software.  This label must accompany Microsoft packaging to be valid and may not be sold separately. You should keep the packaging that has the label on it to prove that you are licensed to use the software.  To identify genuine Microsoft software, see www.howtotell.com.

15.	TRANSFER TO A THIRD PARTY.  The first user of the software may transfer it, this agreement, and CALs directly to a third party.  Before the transfer, that party must agree that this agreement applies to the transfer and use of the software.  The transfer must include the software and the Proof of License label.  The first user may not retain any instances of the software unless that user also retains another license for the software.
16.	EXPORT RESTRICTIONS.  The software is subject to United States export laws and regulations.  You must comply with all domestic and international export laws and regulations that apply to the software.  These laws include restrictions on destinations, end users and end use.  For additional information, see www.microsoft.com/exporting.
17.	SUPPORT SERVICES.  Microsoft provides support services for the software as described at www.support.microsoft.com/common/international.aspx.
18.	ENTIRE AGREEMENT.  This agreement (including the warranty below), and the terms for supplements, updates, Internet-based services and support services that you use, are the entire agreement for the software and support services.
19.	APPLICABLE LAW.
a.	United States.  If you acquired the software in the United States, Washington state law governs the interpretation of this agreement and applies to claims for breach of it, regardless of conflict of laws principles.  The laws of the state where you live govern all other claims, including claims under state consumer protection laws, unfair competition laws, and in tort.
b.	Outside the United States.  If you acquired the software in any other country, the laws of that country apply.
20.	LEGAL EFFECT.  This agreement describes certain legal rights.  You may have other rights under the laws of your state or country.  You may also have rights with respect to the party from whom you acquired the software.  This agreement does not change your rights under the laws of your state or country if the laws of your state or country do not permit it to do so.
21.	LIMITATION ON AND EXCLUSION OF DAMAGES.  YOU CAN RECOVER FROM MICROSOFT AND ITS SUPPLIERS ONLY DIRECT DAMAGES UP TO THE AMOUNT YOU PAID FOR THE SOFTWARE. YOU CANNOT RECOVER ANY OTHER DAMAGES, INCLUDING CONSEQUENTIAL, LOST PROFITS, SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES.
This limitation applies to
·	anything related to the software, services, content (including code) on third party Internet sites, or third party programs; and
·	claims for breach of contract, breach of warranty, guarantee or condition, strict liability, negligence, or other tort to the extent permitted by applicable law.
It also applies even if
·	repair, replacement or a refund for the software does not fully compensate you for any losses; or
·	Microsoft knew or should have known about the possibility of the damages.
Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you.  They also may not apply to you because your country may not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental, consequential or other damages. 

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LIMITED WARRANTY
A.	LIMITED WARRANTY.  If you follow the instructions, the software will perform substantially as described in the Microsoft materials that you receive in or with the software.
B.	TERM OF WARRANTY; WARRANTY RECIPIENT; LENGTH OF ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES.  THE LIMITED WARRANTY COVERS THE SOFTWARE FOR ONE YEAR AFTER ACQUIRED BY THE FIRST USER.  IF YOU RECEIVE SUPPLEMENTS, UPDATES, OR REPLACEMENT SOFTWARE DURING THAT YEAR, THEY WILL BE COVERED FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE WARRANTY OR 30 DAYS, WHICHEVER IS LONGER.  If the first user transfers the software, the remainder of the warranty will apply to the recipient.
TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES, GUARANTEES OR CONDITIONS LAST ONLY DURING THE TERM OF THE LIMITED WARRANTY.  Some states do not allow limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts, so these limitations may not apply to you.  They also might not apply to you because some countries may not allow limitations on how long an implied warranty, guarantee or condition lasts.
C.	EXCLUSIONS FROM WARRANTY.  This warranty does not cover problems caused by your acts (or failures to act), the acts of others, or events beyond Microsoft’s reasonable control.
D.	REMEDY FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY.  MICROSOFT WILL REPAIR OR REPLACE THE SOFTWARE AT NO CHARGE.  IF MICROSOFT CANNOT REPAIR OR REPLACE IT, MICROSOFT WILL REFUND THE AMOUNT SHOWN ON YOUR RECEIPT FOR THE SOFTWARE.  IT WILL ALSO REPAIR OR REPLACE SUPPLEMENTS, UPDATES AND REPLACEMENT SOFTWARE AT NO CHARGE.  IF MICROSOFT CANNOT REPAIR OR REPLACE THEM, IT WILL REFUND THE AMOUNT YOU PAID FOR THEM, IF ANY.  YOU MUST UNINSTALL THE SOFTWARE AND RETURN ANY MEDIA AND OTHER ASSOCIATED MATERIALS TO MICROSOFT WITH PROOF OF PURCHASE TO OBTAIN A REFUND.  THESE ARE YOUR ONLY REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF THE LIMITED WARRANTY.
E.	CONSUMER RIGHTS NOT AFFECTED.  YOU MAY HAVE ADDITIONAL CONSUMER RIGHTS UNDER YOUR LOCAL LAWS, WHICH THIS AGREEMENT CANNOT CHANGE.
F.	WARRANTY PROCEDURES.  You need proof of purchase for warranty service.
1.	United States and Canada.  For warranty service or information about how to obtain a refund for software acquired in the United States and Canada, contact Microsoft at
·	(800) MICROSOFT;
·	Microsoft Customer Service and Support, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399; or
·	visit www.microsoft.com/info/nareturns.htm.
2.	Europe, Middle East and Africa.  If you acquired the software in Europe, the Middle East or Africa, Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited makes this limited warranty.  To make a claim under this warranty, you should contact either
·	Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited, Customer Care Centre, Atrium Building Block B, Carmanhall Road, Sandyford Industrial Estate, Dublin 18, Ireland; or
·	the Microsoft affiliate serving your country (see www.microsoft.com/worldwide).
3.	Outside United States, Canada, Europe, Middle East and Africa.  If you acquired the software outside the United States, Canada, Europe, the Middle East and Africa, contact the Microsoft affiliate serving your country (see www.microsoft.com/worldwide).
G.	NO OTHER WARRANTIES.  THE LIMITED WARRANTY IS THE ONLY DIRECT WARRANTY FROM MICROSOFT.  MICROSOFT GIVES NO OTHER EXPRESS WARRANTIES, GUARANTEES OR CONDITIONS.  WHERE ALLOWED BY YOUR LOCAL LAWS, MICROSOFT EXCLUDES IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT.  If your local laws give you any implied warranties, guarantees or conditions, despite this exclusion, your remedies are described in the Remedy for Breach of Warranty clause above, to the extent permitted by your local laws.
H.	LIMITATION ON AND EXCLUSION OF DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY.  THE LIMITATION ON AND EXCLUSION OF DAMAGES CLAUSE ABOVE APPLIES TO BREACHES OF THIS LIMITED WARRANTY.
THIS WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS, AND YOU MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM STATE TO STATE.  YOU MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM COUNTRY TO COUNTRY. 
Please note: As this software is distributed in Quebec, Canada, some of the clauses in this agreement are provided below in French.
Remarque: Ce logiciel étant distribué au Québec, Canada, certaines des clauses dans ce contrat sont fournies ci-dessous en français.
GARANTIE LIMITÉE
A.	GARANTIE LIMITÉE.  Si vous suivez les instructions, le logiciel fonctionnera dans son ensemble comme il est décrit dans la documentation de Microsoft reçue avec ou dans le logiciel.
B.	DURÉE DE LA GARANTIE; BÉNÉFICIAIRE DE LA GARANTIE; DURÉE DE TOUTE GARANTIE IMPLICITE.  La garantie limitée couvre le logiciel pendant un an après son acquisition par le premier utilisateur.  Si vous recevez des compléments, des mises à jour ou un logiciel de remplacement au cours de cette année, ils seront couverts par la garantie pendant la durée restante ou pendant 30 jours, la période la plus longue étant retenue.  Si le premier utilisateur transfère le logiciel, la durée restante de la garantie s’applique au destinataire.
Dans la limite autorisée par la loi en vigueur, toute garantie ou condition implicite dont vous bénéficiez prendra fin au terme de la garantie limitée.  Certains États n’autorisent pas les limitations portant sur la durée d’une garantie implicite, de sorte que les limitations ci-dessus peuvent ne pas vous être applicables.  Elles peuvent également ne pas vous être applicables, car certains pays n’autorisent pas les limitations portant sur la durée d’une garantie ou condition implicite.
C.	EXCLUSIONS DE LA GARANTIE.  Cette garantie ne couvre pas les problèmes engendrés par vos propres actes (ou absences d’actes), ceux de tiers ou tout autre événement indépendant de la volonté de Microsoft.
D.	RECOURS DANS LE CADRE DE LA VIOLATION DE GARANTIE.  Nous nous engageons à réparer ou à remplacer le logiciel gratuitement.  Si nous ne pouvons pas le réparer ni le remplacer, nous rembourserons le montant que vous avez payé pour le logiciel figurant sur le reçu.  Nous nous engageons à réparer ou à remplacer les compléments, les mises à jour et le logiciel de remplacement gratuitement.  Si nous ne pouvons pas les réparer ni les remplacer, nous rembourserons le montant que vous avez payé pour ces composants, le cas échéant.  Vous devez désinstaller le logiciel et le renvoyer à Microsoft avec une preuve d’achat pour vous faire rembourser.  Ces recours sont les seuls dont vous disposez dans le cadre de la violation de garantie limitée.
E.	DROITS DES CONSOMMATEURS NON AFFECTÉS.  Vous pouvez bénéficier de droits des consommateurs supplémentaires dans le cadre du droit local, que ce contrat ne peut modifier.
F.	PROCÉDURES RELATIVES AUX RÉCLAMATIONS DANS LE CADRE DE LA GARANTIE.  Vous devrez fournir une preuve d’achat pour obtenir de l’aide en matière de garantie.
1.	États-Unis et Canada.  Pour obtenir de l’aide en matière de garantie ou des informations sur la procédure à suivre pour vous faire rembourser un logiciel acquis aux États-Unis et au Canada, mettez-vous en rapport avec Microsoft
·	(800) MICROSOFT ;
·	Microsoft Customer Service and Support, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399 ; ou
·	en visitant www.microsoft.com/info/nareturns.htm.
2.	Europe, Moyen-Orient et Afrique.  Si vous avez acquis le logiciel en Europe, au Moyen-Orient ou en Afrique, Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited offre cette garantie limitée.  Pour faire une réclamation au titre de cette garantie, vous devez vous mettre en rapport avec
·	Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited, Customer Care Centre, Atrium Building Block B, Carmanhall Road, Sandyford Industrial Estate, Dublin 18, Irlande ; ou
·	votre filiale nationale de Microsoft (visitez le site www.microsoft.com/worldwide).
3.	En dehors des États-Unis, du Canada, de l’Europe, du Moyen-Orient et de l’Afrique.  Si vous avez acquis le logiciel en dehors des États-Unis, du Canada, de l’Europe, du Moyen-Orient et de l’Afrique, mettez-vous en rapport avec votre filiale nationale de Microsoft (visitez le site www.microsoft.com/worldwide).
G.	AUCUNE AUTRE GARANTIE.  La garantie limitée est la seule garantie directe de Microsoft.  Nous n’accordons aucune autre garantie ou condition expresse.  Dans toute la mesure permise par le droit local, les garanties implicites de qualité marchande, d’adéquation à un usage particulier et d’absence de contrefaçon sont exclues.  Si le droit local vous accorde des garanties ou conditions implicites, nonobstant la présente exclusion, les recours dont vous disposez sont ceux présentés dans la clause de recours dans le cadre de la violation de garantie ci-dessus, dans la limite autorisée par le droit local.
H.	LIMITATION DES DOMMAGES-INTÉRÊTS ET EXCLUSION DE RESPONSABILITÉ DANS LE CADRE DE LA VIOLATION DE GARANTIE.  La clause de limitation des dommages-intérêts et exclusion de responsabilité ci-dessous s’applique aux violations de cette garantie limitée.
La présente garantie vous confère des droits légaux spécifiques et vous pouvez également bénéficier d’autres droits qui varient d’un État à l’autre.  Vous pouvez également bénéficier d’autres droits qui varient d’un pays à l’autre.
LIMITATION DES DOMMAGES-INTÉRÊTS ET EXCLUSION DE RESPONSABILITÉ POUR LES DOMMAGES.  Vous pouvez obtenir de Microsoft et de ses fournisseurs une indemnisation en cas de dommages directs uniquement à hauteur du montant que vous avez payé pour le logiciel. Vous ne pouvez prétendre à aucune indemnisation pour les autres dommages, y compris les dommages spéciaux, indirects ou accessoires et pertes de bénéfices.
Cette limitation concerne
·	toute affaire liée au logiciel, aux services ou au contenu (y compris le code) figurant sur des sites Internet tiers ou dans des programmes tiers ; et
·	les réclamations au titre de violation de contrat ou de garantie ou condition, ou au titre de responsabilité stricte, de négligence ou d’une autre faute dans la limite autorisée par la loi en vigueur.
Elle s’applique également, même si
·	la réparation, le remplacement ou le remboursement du logiciel ne compense pas intégralement toute perte subie; ou
·	Microsoft connaissait l’éventualité d’un tel dommage.
Certains États n’autorisent pas l’exclusion ou la limitation de responsabilité pour les dommages indirects ou accessoires, de sorte que la limitation ou l’exclusion ci-dessus peut ne pas vous être applicable.  Elles peuvent également ne pas vous être applicables, car votre pays n’autorise pas l’exclusion ou la limitation de responsabilité pour les dommages indirects, accessoires ou de quelque nature que ce soit.
EFFET JURIDIQUE.  Le présent contrat décrit certains droits juridiques. Vous pourriez avoir d’autres droits prévus par les lois de votre État ou pays. Vous pourriez également avoir des droits à l’égard de la partie de qui vous avez acquis de logiciel. Le présent contrat ne modifie pas les droits que vous confèrent les lois de votre État ou pays si celles-ci ne le permettent pas.